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Locating Places on the Earth Class 6 Chapter 1 Notes
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Class 6 SST Chapter 1Locating Places on the Earth Notes
Introduction to Maps:
- Maps help us find places and navigate.
- Example: Navigating a city using a map.
Components of a Map:
- Distance:
- Scale: Represents real distance on a map.
- Example: 1 cm on the map equals 500 meters on the ground.
- Direction:
- Cardinal directions: North, East, South, West.
- Intermediate directions: Northeast (NE), Southeast (SE), Southwest (SW), Northwest (NW).
- Symbols:
- Represent features like buildings, roads, and natural elements.
- Different countries use different symbols.
- Example: Survey of India symbols.
Types of Maps:
- Physical maps: Show natural features (mountains, rivers).
- Political maps: Show countries, states, boundaries, and cities.
- Thematic maps: Show specific information (population, climate).
Mapping the Earth:
- The Earth is nearly spherical, not flat.
- Globe: A spherical representation of the Earth’s geography.
Understanding Coordinates:
- Coordinates help precisely determine locations.
- Example: Chessboard system with letters and numbers.
Latitudes:
- Measure distance from the Equator.
- Parallels of latitude: Imaginary lines parallel to the Equator.
- Equator: 0° latitude.
- North Pole: 90°N, South Pole: 90°S.
- Latitude affects climate:
- Equator: Hot climate.
- Poles: Cold climate.
Longitudes:
- Measure the distance from the Prime Meridian.
- Meridians of longitude: Half-circles running from pole to pole.
- Prime Meridian: 0° longitude, passes through Greenwich.
- Longitudes marked with ‘W’ or ‘E’ up to 180°.
Latitude and Longitude Together:
- Form a grid for precise location identification.
- Example: Delhi at 29°N latitude and 77°E longitude.
Understanding Time Zones:
- Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours (15° per hour).
- Moving eastward from the Prime Meridian adds one hour.
- Moving westward subtracts one hour.
- Countries adopt standard time based on a meridian.
- Indian Standard Time (IST): 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT.
International Date Line:
- Located approximately at 180° longitude.
- Crossing changes the date by one day.
Summary:
- Maps represent areas with components like distance, direction, and symbols.
- Latitude and longitude form a grid for precise location.
- Longitude also marks time and defines time zones.
- Crossing the International Date Line changes the date.
Detailed Notes on Locating Places on the Earth Class 6 Chapter 1
A map is an image of an area as observed from above, on a smaller scale they may cover a square Kilometer or even less while on the larger scale it may cover a country or whole continent.
An atlas therefore refers to a set of maps of different types, for instance there is physical atlas which shows physical features such as mountain, rivers and the lake.
Political maps detail countries, states, boundaries, and cities, such as a map of India with its states and capitals.
Thematic maps provide specific information, such as those displaying demographics or climate zones.
- Maps consist of essential components: distance, direction, and symbols.
- When the scale of a map is given, it defines the relationship between distance on the ground and length or size on the map; the scale may be expressed in ratio form such that 1 cm on the map may be equal to 500 meters on the ground.
- Direction on maps is indicated by cardinal points: normally and around it and mid directions like north east (NE), south east (SE), south west (SW), north west (NW).Maps often use an arrow marked ‘N’ to indicate the north direction.
Symbols play a crucial role in maps by representing features like buildings, roads, railways, and natural elements such as rivers and forests.
- They replace detailed drawings on maps of large areas due to space limitations, ensuring clarity and efficiency.
- Different countries utilize specific sets of symbols tailored to their mapping standards.
- The Survey of India has established a standardized set of symbols for maps of India, ensuring consistency and clarity across their maps.Top of Form
Mapping the Earth
- Earth’s shape is nearly spherical, slightly flattened at the poles, making accurate flat representation challenging.
- A globe, representing Earth’s geography, offers a more accurate depiction due to its spherical shape.
Understanding Coordinates
- Similar to a market or chessboard grid, coordinates pinpoint locations precisely.
- Used in mapping, coordinates are crucial for exact location determination.
Latitudes
- Imaginary lines parallel to the Equator on the globe.
- Measure distance north or south of the Equator in degrees (0° at Equator, 90°N at North Pole, 90°S at South Pole).
- Influence climate zones, with equatorial regions warmer and poles colder.
Longitudes
- Half-circles (meridians) from pole to pole on the globe.
- Measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian (0° at Greenwich, England).
- Crucial for time measurement globally, with each 15° increment corresponding to one hour difference.
Grid Lines
- Together, latitudes and longitudes form a grid on the globe.
- Essential for precise mapping and location referencing.
Prime Meridian
- Initially established through international agreement in Greenwich, England, in 1884.
- Longitude is measured as degrees east or west from the Prime Meridian.
Historical Context
- India historically had its own prime meridian passing through Ujjayinī (Ujjain), reflecting early understanding of latitude and longitude concepts.
Understanding Time Zones
- Earth rotates west to east, completing a full turn every 24 hours (360°).
- Meridians of longitude are marked every 15° from the Prime Meridian (0°) to 180°E and 180°W.
- Each 15° increment corresponds to one hour difference in local time: advancing east adds hours, while moving west subtracts hours.
- Most countries adopt a standard time based on their respective meridian, simplifying local time discrepancies.
- Indian Standard Time (IST) is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Time Zones
- Time zones are organized around 15° longitude intervals, although they may deviate to accommodate national borders and standard times.
- Fig. 1.8 illustrates how time zone boundaries align with international borders, denoting hours added or subtracted from GMT.
- The globe in Fig. 1.9 highlights standard times of several countries relative to GMT.
International Date Line
- Opposite the Prime Meridian at approximately 180° longitude.
- Crossing eastward subtracts a day, while westward adds a day due to date line conventions.
- Deviations exist to avoid dividing countries into different days.
Conclusion-Locating Places on the Earth Class 6 Chapter 1 Notes
- Maps effectively represent Earth’s regions using components like distance, direction, and symbols.
- Latitude and longitude grid lines precisely define locations worldwide.
- Longitude not only aids in location but also determines time zones.
- The International Date Line, situated at 180° longitude, influences date changes when crossed.